Which of the following describes a protective factor at the relationship level of the Socio-Ecological Model?

A protective factor at the relationship level of the Socio-Ecological Model refers to elements that can reduce the likelihood of negative outcomes, such as substance use or abuse, by fostering healthy interactions and support systems. Parental involvement exemplifies this concept, as it emphasizes the importance of strong family bonds and active engagement from parents in their children's lives. Such involvement can lead to better emotional and social development, as well as decreased risk for engaging in substance use.

By actively participating in their child’s activities, understanding their challenges, and providing emotional support, parents can create a nurturing environment that promotes resilience and positive decision-making. This enhances the child’s social skills and provides a buffer against peer pressure or environmental risks that could lead to substance use.

In contrast, the other options listed focus on negative factors that contribute to risk. Child abuse and maltreatment, poverty, violence in neighborhoods, and laws favorable to substance use all reflect adverse conditions that can negatively affect individuals and communities, leading to increased vulnerability rather than protection. Hence, parental involvement stands out as a key protective factor within the relationship level of the Socio-Ecological Model.