In the Societal level of the Socio-Ecological Model, which of the following is considered a risk factor?

In the Societal level of the Socio-Ecological Model, racism is identified as a significant risk factor. This is because racial discrimination can lead to negative health outcomes and increased vulnerability for specific populations. Racism contributes to social disparities, affecting access to education, employment, and health care, which are critical elements that can perpetuate cycles of disadvantage and unhealthy behaviors.

Racism often results in social isolation and stress, which can lead to substance use as a coping mechanism. It impacts community cohesion and trust, further exacerbating the challenges faced by marginalized groups. By understanding that racism operates as a structural risk factor, prevention specialists can better assess and address the broader social determinants that affect health and well-being in their communities.

On the other hand, policies limiting substance availability, economic opportunity, and support for marginalized populations are generally considered protective factors. These elements work towards promoting health and reducing risk by creating environments that foster equitable access to resources and opportunities, which ultimately contribute to healthier outcomes in communities.